التهوية الجيدة لقطيع التسمين
تعتبر التھوية من العوامل الھامة التي تتحكم في أداء إنتاج الطيور وتحقيق أعلى معامل كفاءة إنتاجى ، حيث أن سوء التھوية يؤدى إلى:-
انخفاض الوزن ، و سوء معامل التحويل ، و يجعل الطيور عرضة للإصابة بالأمراض البكتيرية و الفيروسية و يتفشي في النھاية المرض التنفسى المزمن CRD الذي يصعب علاجه ويؤدي إلي خسائر اقتصادية لا حصر لھا
أهداف التھوية
- إمداد القطيع بھواء طازج ونقي مشبع بأكسجين كافي للطيور
- ترشيد سرعة التيارات الھوائية على القطعان صغيرة العمر
- التخلص من الحرارة و الرطوبة الزائدة و تقليل الغبار و الغازات الضارة
- الحصول على تجانس حراري داخل العنبر
- الحصول على فرشة جافة
- خلق سرعة ھواء على طيور ذات الأعمار الكبيرة في الطقس الحار
- تقليل تكلفة الطاقة المستخدمة.
- نظام التھوية في العنابر المفتوحة يكون إما عن طريق فتح الشبابيك أو الستائر الجانبية
- نظام التهوية في العنابر المغلقة يكون باستخدام الضغط السالب عن طريق مراوح شفط ويتم تنظيم دخول الھواء عن طريق فتحات تھوية جانبية أو خلايا التبريد في حال عدم توفر فتحات تھوية
- يمكن دمج النظامين معاً بحيث يكون ھناك فرصة لفتح وقفل الستائر مع تشغيل مراوح الشفط في درجات الحرارة المرتفعة
التهوية خلال درجات الحرارة المنخفضة أو فصل الشتاء
- الھدف من عمل التھوية الدنيا ھو دخول الھواء الطازج داخل العنبر وإخراج الرطوبة الزائدة والأمونيا ويتحقق ھذا الغرض بعمل المراوح من عمر يوم للطائر وحتى الذبح
- يجب دخول الھواء الطازج بسرعة كافية وبحجم واحد من كل فتحات التھوية والتي يجب أن تكون موزعة بالتساوي بطول العنبر
- يدخل الھواء البارد من خارج العنبر بسرعة كافية وبحجم واحد ليختلط بالھواء الساخن بداخل العنبر أعلى مستوى القطيع دون السقوط مباشرة فوق القطيع وبحيث لا يحدث تيارات ھوائية باردة تضر بصحة القطيع
التهوية خلال درجات الحرارة المرتفعة أو فصل الصيف
ارتفاع درجات الحرارة في بعض أشھر فصول السنة ممكن أن تؤدي إلي حدوث إجھاد حراري للطيور ، وعلى ذلك يجب خلال فصل الصيف عدم تعرض الطيور لدرجات الحرارة المرتفعة ، لأنها تُحدث تغيرات فسيولوجية وتؤثر على الكفاءة الإنتاجية للطائر كالآتي :-
- الطيور ليس لھا غدد عرقية للتخلص من الحرارة الزائدة
- يلجأ الطائر لتخفيض درجة الحرارة عن طريق دفع الدم إلى الأجزاء الخارجية و إرخاء الأجنحة ودفعھم لأعلى قليلاً ويصبح لون الجلد أحمر قاتم
- يزيد الطائر معدل تنفسه لأقصى معدل وينھج بشدة وبعد ذلك يصاب بالإنھاك
- تحدث قلوية في الدم نتيجة النھجان Respiratory alkalosis وذلك لزيادة درجة الـ pH في الدم نتيجة زيادة خروج ثاني أكسيد الكربون ويزداد إفراز الفوسفات والبوتاسيوم وھذا يؤثر على توازن الأمالح داخل جسم الطائر والتي يفقد كثير منھا في البول
- زيادة معدل التنفس تؤدى إلى زيادة قابلية الطائر للأمراض
- يزيد معدل استھلاك مياه الشرب ويقل معدل استھالك العلف والذي يؤثر في الكفاءة الإنتاجية ، ويمكن أن يتوقف الطائر عن الأكل تماماً
- يفقد الطائر طاقة نتيجة النھجان ويقل معدل اكتساب الوزن
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