الطاقه اللازمه للطائر للحياه وانواعها وطرق حسابها
طرق حساب أحتياجات الدواجن
اولا : أحتياجات الدجاج البياض للطاقة الممثلة
الطاقة الكلية gross energy
fecal energy طاقة الروث
الطاقة المهضومة digestible energy
urine energy طاقة البول
الطاقة الممثلة metabolisable energy
mainterance الطاقة الحافظة
الطاقة الانتاجية productive energy
أ- ولحساب الطاقة الحافظة ( maintenance )
لابد من معرفة معدل التمثيل القاعدى (basic metabolic rate) ويعرف bmr بانة هو أقل مجهود حرارى يلزم لحفظ درجة حرارة الجسم للحيوان 24 س وذلك تحت ظروف موحدة لتقليل المواثرات الخارجية التى تدعو لتكوين حرارة زائدة
الطاقة الحرارية اللازمة للتمثيل القاعدى=70(وزن الحيوان بالكيلو جرام)75, وقد وجد ان الحرارة التى تشعها وحدة الوزن التمثيلى تترواح مابين50,7 – 76,8 بأستثناء حرارة الاوز 82,5 أى بمتوسط 69 ومن الوجهة العملية يمكن أعتبار 70 هو الرقم المتوسط
معادلة كلبير 1947
وقد وجد أن حرارة التمثيل القاعدى تمثل 4/3 الحرارة اللازمة لحفظ الحياة فى الحيوانات ذات المعدة الواحدة بينما تمثل 2/1 الحرارة اللازمة لحفظ الحياة فى الدواجن وعلية تصبح الحرارة اللازمة لحفظ الحياة كلاتى
1- للانسان = 1,33 * 70 * (الوزن) 75,
2- للدجاج = 2 * 70 * (الوزن) 75,
مٍثال : لدجاجة وزنها 1,750 2*70*(1,75) 75, = 212,8 kcal
ومن جهة أخرى فقد وجد ( scott 1976 ) ان التمثيل القاعدى للدجاج بالكليو كالورى يوميا = 83 *(الوزن بالكيلو جرام) 75,
أى أنة يبلغ لدجاجة وزنها 1,750 كلاتى 83 * (1,750 ) 75, = 83*1,52 = 126 وأوضح scott أن حرارة التمثيل القاعدى تشكل حوالى 82% من الحرارة اللازمة لحفظ الحياة دون القيام ببذل أى مجهود حركى 126*100 / 82 =154 وحيث ان الدجاج يحتاج الى حرارة أضافية لتغطية الاحتياجات اللازمة لمواجهة النشاط و الحركة اليومية بمقدار 37% للدجاج المربى محبوسا و 50% للدجاج المربى طليقا .
وبذلك يبلغ مقدار المجهود الفسيولوجى اللازم يوميا لدجاجة مرباة طليقة وتزن 1,750 154 + 154 * 50 / 100 = 241 كيلو كالورى .
وتبلغ الاحتياجات اليومية للدجاجة من نفس الوزن 1,750 كجم المحبوسة 154+154*37/100=211كيلو كالورى مجهود فسيولوجى نافع .
ب – أحتياجات الطاقة اللازمة لانتاج بيض قياسية زنة 56 جراما
حسب تقديرات المجلس البريطانى تبلغ هذة الاحتياجات فى المتوسط 112 kcal ويرى scott أنة يكفى لانتاج هذة البيضة86 كيلو كالورى فقط .
مثال: لحساب مقدار الطاقة الكلية اللازمة لدجاجةزنة 1 كيلو جرام طبقا لتطبيق قانون كليبر وتوصيات المجلس البريطانى
2*70*(1)75, =140 kcal للحفاط على الحياة + 112 للانتاج
اذا تصبح 252 kcal يوميا وحسب توصيات scott لدجاجة زنة 1 كيلو جرام .
اولا – للدجاجة المحبوسة 83 * 100 * 137 / 82 * 100 = 138 كيلو كالورى لحفظ الحياة
ثانيا – للدجاجة الطليقة 83 * 100 *150 / 82 * 100 = 151 كيلو كالورى لحفظ الحياة
أى بمتوسط 144 كيلو كالورى لحفظ الحياة .
اذا الطاقة الكلية = 144 + 86 = 230 kcal يوميا
ثانيا : أحتياجات الدجاج البياض من البروتين الخام .
أ – حساب مقدار البروتين اللازم يوميا لحفظ حياة الدجاجة :
يقصد بالبروتين الحافظ أدنى مقدار من البروتين اللازم تقديمة يوميا ليعوض مقدار البروتين المفقود من الجسم نتيجة لعمليات هدم البروتين فى الجسم أو ما يفقده الجسم من سوائل و خلايا منسلخة نتيجة للعمليات الحيوية ولقد وجد أنة فى حالة تغذية الحيوانات على عليقة نفية خالية من البروتين فأن البروتين المهدوم من جسم تجرح فى صورتين هما .
بروتين بول تمثيلى و بروتين روث تمثيلى ولقد وجد brody ان نتروجين البول التمثيلى يتوقف على وزن الجسم التمثيلى للحيوان و توصل الى ان نتروجين البول التمثيلى يساوى 146 * ( وزن الحيوان كجم ) 75, . ولما كان مقدار حرارة التمثيل القاعدى للحيوان =
70 * ( الوزن ) 75, أمكن التوصل الى معرفة العلاقة بين نتروجين البول التمثيلىو وحدة الطاقة الحرارية من حرارة التمثيل القاعدى للحيوان على النمو التالى : –
146 * ( الوزن )72, / 70 * ( الوزن )75, = 2,1 مليجرام نتروجين لكل سعر حرارى .
كما تبين ان مقدار نتروجين الروث التمثيلى على أساس نتائج brody يشكل 60 % من نتروجين البول التمثيلى فى حالة الدواجن وبهذا يصبح النتروجين الكلى = 1,6 * نتروجين البول التمثيلى
وحيث ان نسبة الاستفادة من تحويل بروتين الغذاء المهضوم الى بروتين داخل الانسجة 50 % تقريبا
اذا البروتين اللازم لحفظ الحياة = 2 * 1,6 * 146 * (و)72, * 6,25 = 2,55 جرام لكل كجم وزن تمثيلى وحيث ان معامل هضم البروتين الخام 80 % .
2,55 * 100 / 80 = 3,18 جرام بروتين خام يوميا لكل كجم وزن تمثيلى .
ب – حساب مقدار البروتين اللازم للنمو .
فى بداية مرحلة الانتاج الاولى ( 21 – 36 ) أسبوع تزيد الدجاجة من 1350 جرام الى 1800 جرام . اى 450 جرام / 15 أسبوع =4,28 جرام يوميا .
وحيث ان جسم الكتكوت يحتوى على 18 % بروتين
اذا كمية البروتين اللازمة للنمو = 18 / 100 * 450 = 81 جرام بروتين خلال المرحلة
اذا كمية البروتين اللازمة للنمو يوميا = 18/100 * 4,28 = 77, جرام بروتين مهضوم / يوم
وحيث ان معامل الاستفادة من البروتين = 50 – 55 %
اذا الاحتياجات من البروتين الخام = 77, * 100 / 55 = 1,4 جم بروتين جم بروتين خام / يوم
وبذلك يصبح الحساب على النمو التالى :
مقدار الزيادة فى الوزن يوميا بالجرام * 18, / 55, = الاحتياجات اللازمة للنمو من البروتين الخام يوميا .
ج – الاحتياجات اللازمة لنمو الريش :
يشكل الريش حوالى 4 % من وزن الكتكوت أثناء الثلاثة أسابيع الاولى من العمر ثم يرتفع بعد ذلك ليصبح 7 % من عمر 4 أسابيع
واذا علم ان نسبة البروتين فى الريش 82 % و الكفاءة التحويلية للبروتين = 55 %
وبالتالى يصبح حساب كمية البروتين اللازمة لنمو الريش كلاتى .
( 04, – 07, ) * الزيادة اليومية بالجرام * 82, / 55,
د – البروتين اللازم لانتاج البيض :
حسب التحليل الكيماوى للبيض نجد ان متوسط نسبة البروتين بها 12 % و بذلك تصبح كمية البروتين الكلية فى بيضة وزنها 60 جرام =60 * 12 / 100 = 7,2 جم بروتينى ويمكن حساب مقدار بروتين الغذاء اللازم لانتاج هذا القدر من البروتين بطريقتين .
1 – حسب ارقام الكفاءة التحويلية لبروتين الغذاء الى أنتاج فى الدواجن لـ scott = 55%
تبين ان المقدار اللازم = 7,2 * 100 / 55 = 13,1 جم بروتين .
2 – بفرض ان الفقد فى البروتين المهضوم لتكوين بيضة = 33 %
7,2 * 3 / 2 = 10,8 جم بروتين مهضوم .
وبفرض ان معامل هضم البروتين الخام = 80 % فيكون مقدار البروتين الخام اللازم توفرة فى عليقة الدجاج للحصول على هذا القدر من البروتين المهضوم = 10,8 * 100 / 80 = 13,5 جم بروتين خام .
أجمالى الاحتياجات من البروتين = 3,18 + 1,4 + 13,1 = 17,68 جم بروتين خام
وحيث ان متوسط استهلاك الطائر من العلف حوالى 100 جم يوميا
اذا نسبة البروتين تصبح 17,5 – 18 % بروتين خام
دمتم في رعاية الله – م/ محمد رمضان
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