طرق التحصين في قطعان الدواجن

طرق تحصين الدجاج
272

1- التقطير في العين أو الأنف

يعد التقطير في العين و الأنف الطريقة الأفضل والأكثر كفاءة لتحصين الطيور باللقاحات الحية بين كل طرق التحصين الأخرى حيث يتم الإمساك بكل طائر على حدة و التأكد من حصوله على جرعة كاملة من اللقاح كما أن دخول اللقاح عن طريق العين أو الأنف يحفز كلا من المناعة الموضعية والمناعة السائلة لوجود غدّة هاردر (الغدّة الدمعية الزائدة) في مسار اللقاح خلف الجفن الثالث.

2- غمس المنقار

توصي بعض الشركات المصنّعة للقاحات بغمس مناقير الطيور خاصة بلقاحات فيروس التهاب الشعب المعدي (IBV) كطريقة للتحصين للكتاكيت عمر يوم. يتم حل اللقاح 1000 جرعة في ميلليلتر واحد من المخفف ويضاف اللقاح بعد ذلك إلى 250 مل من الماء المقطّر. يغمس منقار الطائر حتى فتحات الأنف في المحلول وبالتالي يخترق اللقاح القناة التنفسية للكتكوت. بعد التحصين، تهز الكتاكيت رؤوسها كعلامة على نجاح التلقيح، يفضل الانتهاء من عملية التحصين خلال ساعتين من تحضير اللقاح.

3– التحصين في ماء الشرب

حينما تكون الأمعاء هي العضو المستهدف، تصبح مياه الشرب هي الطريقة الأفضل للتحصين. يمكن استخدام هذه الطريقة للعديد من اللقاحات الحية مثل الجمبورو، التهاب المخ و النخاع الشوكي كطريقة عملية للتحصين و تستخدم في الأساس لتقديم الجرعات المنشطة فقط ولا ينصح باستخدامها في التحصين لأول مرة.

فترة فاعلية اللقاحات الحية بعد التحضير لمياه الشرب تكون قصيرة جدا و هي من أهم العوامل التي يؤخذ بها حيث لا بد من استهلاك الطيور اللقاح خلال ساعتين من تحضيره. أكبر مساوئ هذه الطريقة أنها لا تضمن وصول اللقاح لجميع الطيور حتى مع التعطيش المسبق؛ ولتحسين وصول اللقاح لجميع الطيور يتم التحكم بالإضاءة والتعليف جنباً إلى جنب مع التعطيش. ورغم فائدة التعطيش إلا إنه يجب الحذر عند تعطيش الطيور حتى لا يصل إلى المدى الضار بما قد يخفض الانتاجية ويجعل الطيور عرضة للأمراض ويقلل من الاستجابة الكلية للقاح.

يراعى أيضا عند التعطيش التأكد من كفاية عدد السقايات/ الحلمات لعدد الطيور حيث إن النقص في أعداد السقايات أو الحلمات سيؤدي إلى أن تستهلك الطيور العطشى كل الماء المحتوي على اللقاح فيما يتبقى عدد قليل من الطيور لم يشرب قط ومن ثم لم يحصل على لقاح بما يؤثر سلبًا على كفاءة وكفاية اللقاح.

اللقاحات الحية حساسة جدًا و بشكل خاص لمضادات الفيروسات والمطهرات وعليه يجب التأكد من أن اللقاح لم يتعرض للمطهرات، الأملاح الثقيله، الأيونات، الماء المحتوي على الكلور (مياه الشرب العادية) ومواد تطهير المياه الموجودة في المزارع. كما يجب التأكد من أن محلول اللقاح المجهز للاستخدام لم يلامس أو يخزّن في أية آنية معدنية (يفضل البلاستيك والزجاج) وأن خطوط مياه الشرب أو السقايات نظيفة تماما ولا تحتوي على أية مخلفات عضوية أو غيرها أو صدأ أو حتى بقايا منظفات ومطهرات حيث قد يؤدي ذلك إلى تثبيط فيروس اللقاح وتقليل فاعليته. ماء الشرب العادي (يحتوي على الكلور) ضار جدا باللقاحات الحية ويمكنه أن ينتقص الكثير من فاعلية اللقاح. استخدم فقط ماءً نظيفا باردا لا يحتوي على كلور.

إضافة القليل من اللبن المجفف منزوع الدسم للماء بنسبة 2-3 جم للتر ماء سيحيط بفيروس اللقاح و يقلل من الأثار الضارة للكلورين في المياه، يفضل إضافة اللبن قبل تحضير اللقاح بحوالي 20 دقيقة لمعادلة كل ما هو ضار باللقاح في المياه كما يمكن وضع المياه في آنية مكشوفة واسعة وبعمق لا يزيد عن 20 سنتيمتراً لمدة نصف ساعة لطرد ما يمكن طرده من الكلورين قبل إضافة اللبن المجفف واللقاح. بمجرد وضع اللقاح في المياه للاستهلاك، امشِ بجوار جدران العنبر لتشجيع الطيور على استهلاك اللقاح.

4- الرش الخفيف والثقيل

طريقة أخرى للتحصين الجماعي للطيور باللقاحات الحية، فنياً يحتوي الرذاذ على جسيمات متناهية الصغر ويمكنها اختراق المجرى التنفسي للطيور بسهولة. يمكن لهذه الطريقة إحداث رد فعل قوي غير مرغوب وقد تتحول الطيور الحاملة للميكوبلازما وإيشريشيا كولاي إلى حالات مرضية عقب الرش حيث تكون هذه المجموعات أكثر عرضة للمضاعفات التنفسية. بينما الرش الثقيل يحتوي على جسيمات أكبر حجما من الرذاذ وله الأفضلية حيث لا يؤدي في الغالب إلى ردود فعل غير مرغوبة.

تعتمد تقنية التحصين بالرش على الاستنشاق وملامسة الجسم كطرق لحدوث التحفيز أو الاستجابة المناعية حيث يتم رش الكتاكيت باللقاح في بيوت تربيه مغلقة. تكمن فكرة الغمر باللقاح بعيدا عن دخوله من المجرى التنفسي في أن الطيور قد تلتقط اللقاح من فوق أجساد بعضها و تجود هذه الفكرة في الأجواء مرتفعة الرطوبة أما في الأجواء الحارة والجافة، فإن اللقاح سرعان ما سيجف فاقدا بذلك ميزة الانتشار الجانبي.

يجب حلّ اللقاح بماء مقطر بارد و ليس ماء صنبور حيث يحتوي الأخير على الكلورين وأملاح أخرى ذائبة قد تتركز بسرعة مع جفاف اللقاح بعد رشه فتقلل من كفاءة اللقاح وتؤذي الطيور. قد يؤدي ذلك إلى تثبيط فيروس اللقاح ولذلك يضاف لبن مجفف منزوع الدسم أو جيلاتين إلى الماء. يتمّ احتساب كمية المياه اللازمة على أساس التجربة والخطأ وهي تختلف من لقاح لآخر ولكن في الغالب يكفي 500 مل من الماء المقطر لتحضير 10000 إلى 15000 جرعة.

يعطي التحصين بالرش مناعة جيدة طالما أن العنبر مغلق والظروف البيئية تحت التحكم وبشكل خاص الرطوبة والتهوية حيث يتطلب إيقاف المراوح وتسكين الهواء مع نسبة رطوبة مرتفعة ويفضل إغلاق مداخل ومخارج العنبر مع تقليل الإضاءة لتهدأ الطيور قبل بدء الرش.

5– الحقن

يمكن استخدام الحقن لبعض اللقاحات الحية مثل الماريك، النيوكاسل متوسط الضراوة ولقاحات فيروس الريو كما إن الحقن هو الطريقة الأكثر استخداما لتحصين الدواجن باللقاحات المثبطة. توفر السرنجات الأوتوماتيكية حقنا أسرع للجرعات المضبوطة مسبقا يكون الحقن إما تحت الجلد وإما في عضلات الفخذ أو الصدر. معاملة الطائر أثناء الحقن وطريقة الحقن من العوامل الهامة حيث قد يؤدي الإهمال أو سوء معاملة الطائر إلى كسور أو عرج أو تورمات مكان الحقن وفي الرأس.

تفضل السن مقاس 19 ويتم تغييره كل 150-200 طائر لمنع انتشار البكتيريا والفيروسات بين الطيور وتفحص الحقنة كل فترة للتأكد من الجرعة المحقونة.

  • الحقن تحت جلد الرقبة
  • الحقن في عضلة الصدر
  • الحقن في عضلة الفخد

6– الوخز في الجناح

هي الطريقة الأساسية لتحصين الطيور ضد فيروس الجدري والتهاب المخ والنخاع الشوكي الذي كثيرا ما يضاف مع الجدري. المكان المفضل هو جلد الجناح عند اتصاله بالجسم. يتم الوخز بإبرة مزدوجة تحتوي كل واحدة على شق صغير يتم تحميله بمادة اللقاح ووخز الجلد به و تكون علامة نجاح التقليح تورم مكان الحقن وظهور البثرات المميزة لفيروس الجدري بعد 7-14 يوماً.

يجب تجنب حقن العضلات أو وصول اللقاح إلى فم الطائر أو عينه تجنبا لظهور بثور عدوى الجدري في هذه الأماكن وحاليا يوجد لدى بعض الشركات لقاح جدري الطيور بالحقن وليس بالوخز.

7– الحقن في البيض

تستخدم هذه الطريقة لتحصين البيض المخصب عمر 18 يوماً عبر الكيس الهوائي في البيضة أثناء الوجود في الفقاسة باستخدام ماكينة مخصصة لهذا الغرض.

الحقن في البيض هي عملية خاصة بالفقاسة حيث يمكن الحفاظ على التعقيم وتحصين أعداد كبيرة جدا من الطيور داخل البيض. يمكن حقن الطيور داخل البيض في كيس المح أو الكيس السقائي أو الكتكوت نفسه فضلا عن كيس الهواء.

272 تعليق


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