مرض النيوكاسل ( Newcastle disease ).

مرض النيوكاسل ( Newcastle disease ).

مرض النيوكاسل ( Newcastle disease ).
أو مصطلح مختصر ( ND ) .
هو مرض فيروسى معدى من مجموعة فيروسات الباراميكسوفيروس .Paramyxovirus يصيب الدجاج والرومى وبعض الطيور الأخرى والطيور المائية حاملة للفيروس .
الانسان حينما يتعرض لفيروس النيوكاسل تظهر عليه أمراض الصداع و التهاب العين و الجفون.

أنواع فيروس النيوكاسل:
يوجد 3 عترات مختلفة الضراوة للفيروس و هي العترة الضعيفة و المتوسطة و القوية طبقا لما يلي :
( أ ) العترة الضعيفة lentogenic
وهي لا تحدث أعراض مرضية و تستعمل كلقاح حي لتحصين الطيور مثل عترة هتشنر و عترة لاسوتا وإذا حقنت هذه العترة في جنين البيض فإنه يموت بعد 110 ساعة في المتوسط وإذا حقنت في مخ كتاكيت عمر يوم فإن معامل العدوى المخية تكون أقل من 0.5.

(ب) العترة متوسطة الضراوة mesogentic strian
وقد تحدث أعراض مرضية طفيفة جدا في الطيور المعرضة للمرض و اذا حقنت هذه العترة في جنين البيض فانه يموت بعد 72 ساعة و معامل العدوى المخية يكون من 1إلى 1.5 وتستعمل العترات المتوسطة الضراوة في صناعة اللقاحات وهي إما عترة مصنوعة من أوبئة حقيقة طبيعية أو محضرة معمليا بإستضعاف العترات الضارية .

( جـ ) العترة الضارية velogenic strain
و هي العترة التي تحدث العدوى وتسبب النفوق المرتفع وتسبب في ظهور الوباء و هناك 3 أنواع من العترات الضارية تسمى تبعا للمكان الذي تتوالد فيه و تهاجمه محدثة أعراض مرضية مميزة و هي :

1- النوع العصبي neurotropic velogenic ndv
ويصيب الفيروس الجهاز العصبي و يؤدي إلى ظهور الآعراض العصبية المميزة لمرض النيوكاسل والإصابة بالنوع العصبي للفيروس ويكون في حالات الاصابة الحادة و تحت الحادة.

2- النوع التنفسي pneumotropic velogenic ndv
ويصيب الفيروس الحنجرة و القصبة الهوائية وباقي الجهاز التنفسي و يصاب الطائر بمتاعب تنفسية وتظهر الإصابة التنفسية في الحالات تحت الحادة والخفيفة.
وقد تظهر الاصابة التنفسية لفترة قصيرة جدا و يتبعها الإصابة الاحشائية أو العصبية

3:- النوع الإحشائي
و فيه يميل الفيروس الى التوالد في الأمعاء و خاصة الاثنى عشر والمعدة الغدية بشكل خطير ويعتبر اشد الأنواع ضراوة ويظهر في الحالات الحادة وتحت الحادة وقد ينفق الطائر بدون ظهور أعراض واضحة و قد ظهر هذا الفيروس منذ 1974 في بعض الدول العربية.
و قد يصيب الطائر أكثر من نوع من الفيروسات الضارية في نفس الوقت و يكون أحد الأعراض طاغيا على الأخر تبعا لضراوة نوع الفيروس الذي يصيب الطائر.

فترة الحضانة:
تتراوح بين 5 إلى 10 يوم ويمكن أن تزيد إلى 14 يوم

الأعراض والعلامات :

أولا : في الكتاكيت و البداري

1- يبدأ ظهور الأعراض في الكتاكيت على شكل خمول و التجمع في جوانب الحظيرة أو التجمع حول مصادر الحرارة وعدم القدرة على الحركة والإمتناع عن الأكل , حيث ينخفض استهلاك العليقة الى النصف تقريبا ويجف ريشها و ينتفش ويظهر إسهال مائي أخضر اللون ممزوجا بإفرازات جيريه بيضاء .
2- تبدأ الأعراض التنفسية في الطيور على شكل صعوبة التنفس و حشرجة في الصوت وتزداد حدة الأعراض ليلا .
4- الأعراض العصبية تتبع الأعراض التنفسية في الظهورعلى شكل شلل في أحد الأرجل أو كلاهما وإرتعاشات عصبية أو دوران الطائر حول نفسه ثم يقع أو تنثني رقبته الى الخلف أو الأمام أو الجانب
إذا كانت الإصابة بالعترة الإحشائية الضارية فإن الأعراض تبدأ على شكل خمول ثم تلتهب أعين الطائر المصاب وتظهر إفرازات بالعين والأنف ثم يرقد الطائر على الأرض بدون حراك ويموت في ظرف بضعة ساعات بدون أن يهزل.
6- يبدأ النفوق بعض ظهور الأعراض مباشرة و يتراوح بين 5 إلى 100% حسب ضراوة العدوى ودرجة مناعة القطيع و الحالة العامة للطيور وأثر العوامل المضعفة الأخرى و يمتد النفوق 7 إلى 10 يوم ويبلغ قمته بعد 3 أيام من بداية النفوق ثم ينخفض تدريجيا.

ثانيا : في الطيورالبالغة
1- في حالة اصابة قطيع بالغ لم يسبق تحصينه فإن الأعراض التنفسية تكون شديدة , و تشابه الأعراض التي تظهر على الكتاكيت أما في حالة إصابة قطيع سبق تحصينه فإن الأعراض تكون أقل وضوحا حتى أنه قد يتشابه في الأعراض مع بعض الأمراض التنفسية الأخرى و خصوصا مرض الالتهاب الشعبي المعدي.
2- ينخفض انتاج البيض انخفاضا يتراوح بين 20 إلى 50 % و قد ينقطع نهائيا و يصغر حجمه وينتج أعداد كبيرة من البيض بدون قشرة ( برشت ) أو تكون القشرة هشة و متغيرة الشكل ويضمحل أو يختل الفراغ الهوائي أو يتحرك على شكل فقاعات هوائية كما يقل نسبة البياض ويصبح مائي و يصبح الصفار فاتح اللون.
3- النفوق لا يكون مرتفعا و يتراوح بين5 – 20 % أثناء فترة ظهور الأعراض المرضية وبعد هذه الفترة ولمدة عدة أسابيع تالية يزداد معدل النفوق في القطيع عن المعدل الطبيعي ولا يكون السبب المباشر للنفوق هو مرض النيوكاسل ولكن يكون بسبب أحد الأمراض الأخرى التي تظهر نتيجة لضعف الطائر وإنهاكه.
4- بعد انتهاء العدوى يظل انتاج البيض منخفضا مدة تتراوح بين 4 – 8 أسبوع حتى يعاود الإرتفاع وتتحسن صفات القشرة وحجم البيض تدريجيا ولكنه لايصل الى معدل الإنتاج القياسي للطيور التي لم تصاب بالمرض.

التشريح :
1 ـ التهابات شديدة في الحنجرة و القصبة الهوائية مع وجود افرازات مخاطية في القصبة الهوائية و هي التي تسبب صعوبة التنفس و الحشرجة.
2- على امتداد الأمعاء و خصوصا في منطقة الاثنى عشر تظهر بقع نزفية أو مناطق متنكرزة أو تقرحات وهي أهم الأعراض التشريحية التي يجب أن يتجه اليها النظر و التي تبدأ في الظهور مع بداية المرص و خصوصا عند الاصابة بالعترة الاحشائية الضارية.
3- في الحالات المتأخرة من المرض تظهر بقع نزفية على المعدة الغدية proventriculus وقد تمتد في بعض الأحيان فتشمل الجدران الداخلية القونصة كماتظهر التهابات في لوزتي الأعورينcoecal toncil و هذا العرض يظهر مبكرا فى بعد ظهور المرض وفي النهاية تتحول هذه الإلتهابات إلى تقرحات تظهر على شكل بقع أو زراير مستديرة.
تظهر في بعض الأحيان نقط نزفية على القلب و المساريقmesentry و على كثير من الأغشية السيروزية.
5- تتضخم جدران الأكياس الهوائية وتتغيش .. و بعد انتهاء العدوى يكثر ظهور حاللات الاصابة بالمرض التنفسي المزمنcrd و تمتلئ الأكياس الهوائية بترسيبات فبرينية أو أجسام متجبنة.
6- تحتقن الأجهزة الحيوية بالجسم و خصوصا الكلى و الكبد و الطحال.
7 ـ بقاء الغذاء بالحوصله ممذوجا بسائل بنى اللون رائحتة حمضية كريهه
8 – في الطيور البالغة يلتهب المبيض و قناة البيض التهابا شديدا و يتوقف المبيض عن النمو و انتاج البويضات كمايظهر ضامرا في بعض الطيور وهذا يفسر سبب انخفاض انتاج البيض و تشوه القشرة أثناء المرض.

معدل العدوى والانتشار:
سريع الانتشار بين أفراد القطيع ، وتتراوح نسبة النفوق بين 5 إلى 100 % من القطيع.

العلاج:
لا يوجد علاج.

الوقاية:
التحصين باللقاح الحي عند عمر 7 إلى 10 يوم ، وعمر 18 إلى 21 يوم، وعمر 30 إلى 35 يوم ،ويتم التحصين باللقاح الميت عند عمر 16 إلى 20 أسبوع.

الملاحظات:
تم اكتشافه لأول مرة في مقاطعة نيوكاسل بإنجلترا عام 1926 ، وظهر أول مرة في أمريكا عام 1944 ، وتكون أعراض الإصابة في الرومي طفيفة ، ولكن تنخفض معدلات إنتاج البيض في أمهات الرومي بدرجة كبيرة مما يُسبب خسارة اقتصادية كبيرة .

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